The Ubiquity of Hidden Randomness in Technology A defining characteristic of modern digital systems is the silent yet powerful influence of hidden randomness—unseen stochastic forces that underpin reliability, security, and adaptability. While often invisible to users, these probabilistic elements...

The Evolving Role of Human Judgment in Automated Testing a automation has transformed testing speed and scale, it remains limited in capturing nuanced accuracy. While algorithms excel at executing repetitive tasks with precision, they struggle with context, intent, and unpredictable user behavior—...